Episode Notes American museum of natural history in Manhattan Ham radio operators QST magazines Vacuum tube IBM 650/620 computers Joel Moses at Columbia Drum memory Biquinary encoding IBM 709 Vacuum tubes computer Marvin Minsky Claude Shannon IPL V interpreter by Carnegie Mellon Bill Gosper Lisp 1.5 programmer's manual PDP-6 MacLisp Macsyma, symbolic manipulation software Compacting garbage collector by Minsky Massachusetts watchmakers association George Daniels and the co-axial escapement Analog circuit design Synthetic Biology making creatures "to order". Tom Knight synthetic biologist and former student Formal specification of software