Dr. Robert Sapolsky: Science of Stress, Testosterone & Free Will

In this episode, I interview Dr. Robert Sapolsky, Ph.D., Professor of Biology, Neurology & Neurosurgery at Stanford University. We discuss stress, what defines short-term versus long-term stress, and how stress can be beneficial or detrimental, depending on the context. We also discuss stress mitigation and how our sense of control over stress mitigation techniques, including exercise, determine health outcomes. Dr. Sapolsky explains some of the key effects of the hormone testosterone — how it can amplify pre-existing tendencies for aggression or sexual behavior, but that it does not produce those behaviors per se. He also explains how testosterone impacts our social hierarchies, sense of confidence, and willingness to embrace challenges of different kinds. He also explains how our behaviors and perceptions shape testosterone levels. And we discuss estrogen and the powerful role it plays in brain development, health and longevity. Finally, we discuss free will, what it means to have free will, and if we have any free will, including how knowledge alone might allow us to make better decisions for ourselves and society. 
Read the full show notes for this episode at hubermanlab.com.
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Timestamps
00:00:00 Introduction: Dr. Robert Sapolsky  
00:02:25 Sponsors: AG1, LMNT & Waking Up
00:06:30 Stress: Short & Long-Term, Good & Bad  
00:09:11 Valence & Amygdala  
00:11:00 Testosterone: Common Myths vs. Actual Truths  
00:15:15 Behaviors that Affect Testosterone  
00:17:20 Mindsets & Contexts that Affect Testosterone  
00:20:28 How Finger Length Ratios Reflect Prenatal Hormone Levels  
00:22:30 Aggression: Male-Female, Female-Male, & Female-Female  
00:24:05 Testosterone: The Challenge Hypothesis  
00:29:20 How Dopamine Impacts Testosterone & Motivation  
00:32:32 Estrogen: Improves Brain & Longevity BUT TIMING IS KEY  
00:39:40 Are Testosterone & Sperm Counts in Males Really Dropping?  
00:42:15 Stress Mitigation & Our Sense of Control  
00:51:35 How Best to Buffer Stress  
00:57:04 Power of Perception, Choice & Individual Differences  
01:00:32 Context-Setting, Prefrontal Cortex & Hierarchy  
01:11:20 How Dr. Sapolsky Accomplishes Deep Thinking  
01:13:17 Do We Have Free Will?  
01:20:50 How to Apply Knowledge & Learning  
01:23:44 Robert’s New Book: “Determined: The Science of Life Without Free Will”  
01:28:27 Reflections, Support of Podcast, & Supporting Stress Research  
Disclaimer & Disclosures
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