Historical Background (1862–1937): A World on Fire, A Garden of Grace[1]
In the mid-19th century, the world stood at the crossroads of spiritual upheaval and political reinvention. The Church, long persecuted, was entering yet another age of trials—yet also, providentially, of hidden saints. The world that Concepción Cabrera de Armida entered in 1862 was fractured but fertile, wounded but waiting. She was born not in Rome or Paris or Madrid, but in the arid hills of north-central Mexico, in a quiet colonial town that would become a hidden stage for grace: San Luis Potosí.
The year 1862 marked a turning point across continents. Europe, once the stronghold of Christendom, now reeled under the pressures of nationalism and secularism. In Italy, Garibaldi’s unification campaign had swallowed the Papal States; the temporal power of the Pope was dissolving before the eyes of the faithful. Pius IX, then in the sixteenth year of his long pontificate, stood against the tide with the clear voice of the Syllabus of Errors (1864), denouncing the modern world’s growing rejection of truth, revelation, and divine authority.
France, meanwhile, sent troops to Mexico under Napoleon III in that same year—1862—beginning the ill-fated French intervention that would install Maximilian of Habsburg as Emperor of Mexico. His rule was brief, tragic, and symbolically rich: a Catholic monarch imposed by foreign power in a nation fiercely asserting its republican identity. His execution in 1867 would sear itself into the Mexican conscience.
Beyond Europe, revolutions of industry and ideology began to reshape the modern world. Darwin’s Origin of Species (1859) challenged traditional views of creation, sowing seeds of doubt about man’s divine origin, though its full impact would unfold later. Marx’s Das Kapital (1867) laid the groundwork for revolutionary atheism, a specter that would haunt the 20th century. In Europe, the seeds of godless materialism and militant secularism germinated, while in Latin America, these ideas remained nascent, overshadowed by local struggles but destined to influence future conflicts.
[1] Warren H. Carroll, The Crisis of Christendom, vol. 6 of A History of Christendom (Front Royal, VA: Christendom Press, 2013)
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