This episode discusses Avogadro's number, which represents the number of particles in one mole. It explains that this number is the key to converting between the number of particles and a substance's mass. The episode details a two-step conversion process: using molar mass to convert mass to moles, and then using Avogadro's number to convert moles to particles. The episode emphasizes using dimensional analysis correctly and understanding the difference between molecules and formula units.